Addiction and Dependence - Benzodiazepines

Addiction and Dependence - Benzodiazepines More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Benzodiazepines are a class of medications commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and panic attacks associated with panic disorder. There is little dispute that benzodiazepines can be physically and psychologically addicting. What is up for debate, however, is the extent of the problem among users who take these medications solely for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of anxiety. To get a clearer picture of the dependency risks associated with benzodiazepine use, it is important to make the distinction between drug dependence and drug addiction. Is physical dependence on a benzodiazepine the same as addiction? If withdrawal symptoms occur upon discontinuation of a benzodiazepine, does this mean addiction has occurred? Dependence The physical dependence on a drug can be identified by withdrawal symptoms if the drug is abruptly stopped or decreased. While physical dependence may be a component of addiction, it is not, in and of itself, addiction. In fact, physical dependence is a consequence of many medications. For example, certain blood pressure medications can cause physical dependence. Yet, these medications do not lead to addiction. Physical dependence may be an expected outcome of the long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. Such dependence may cause withdrawal symptoms if the medication is stopped abruptly or decreased too fast. These symptoms may include: AnxietyDiarrhea/stomach upsetInsomniaMuscle crampsHeadachesDecreased concentrationRapid breathingTremorsSeizures If an individual is physically dependent on a benzodiazepine, withdrawal complications can be avoided by slowly decreasing the dosage of the medication over a period of time. Addiction Drug addiction is a brain disease identified by components of physical and psychological dependence. Detoxification can result at the end of physical dependence, but the psychological component maintains a steadfast hold on the addict. It is this component that makes maintaining sobriety so difficult for sufferers. There is no cure for addiction and maintaining sobriety is usually an ongoing quest for those afflicted. Drug addiction results in drug-seeking behaviors and continued use despite negative consequences. Drug-seeking behaviors with a benzodiazepine may include getting the drug from more than one provider or illegally obtaining the drug without a doctor’s prescription. Addiction to benzodiazepines or other drugs can result in negative consequences in many life functions. These consequences may include loss of work productivity, family or relationship problems or legal issues. Drug addiction results in the continued use of the drug despite the negative consequences. According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, drug addiction differs from drug dependence. Not all people with physical dependence on a drug will go on to develop an addiction. It is believed that certain individuals are predisposed or vulnerable to addiction based on biological, psychological and social influences. Signs of drug addiction may include: Drug-seeking behaviors (obtaining the drug from multiple doctors, illegally obtaining the drug)Cravings for the drugPreoccupation with obtaining the drugMisusing the drug for intoxication or pleasureDependence and withdrawal upon stopping the drugInterference with normal life functions (decreased work productivity, decreased motivation)Relationship problemsLegal issuesContinued use despite negative consequences Pseudo-Addiction Drug-seeking behavior is a usual component of addiction. But, this type of behavior may also be the result of genuine symptoms that have not been adequately treated. For example, a person who has symptoms of anxiety and panic may engage in drug-seeking behavior to get his or her symptoms under control. This is not a true addiction because the individual is not seeking the drug for pleasure purposes and does not exhibit drug-seeking behaviors once panic symptoms are adequately treated. Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use Many people who are prescribed long-term benzodiazepine therapy for anxiety associated with panic disorder or another anxiety disorder worry about becoming “addicted.” Some doctors may withhold benzodiazepine treatment because of the same issue. Many studies have suggested that long-term benzodiazepine use is effective and safe and does not lead to addiction for most people being treated for anxiety. But, for some people, benzodiazepine use may lead to addiction. This risk appears greater in those with a history of alcohol or other drug addiction or those actively abusing alcohol or other drugs. It is important to remember that benzodiazepines are generally safe and effective when used as directed. Tolerance and dependence may result, and may even be expected, with long-term use. But, this is not the same thing as addiction. If you think you have an addiction problem, remember that  help is available. Talk to your doctor or other healthcare providers about treatment options. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Stuart Davis, American Modernist Painter

Stuart Davis (1892-1964) was a prominent American modernist painter. He began working in the realist Ashcan School style, but exposure to European modernist painters in the Armory Show led to a distinctive personal modernist style that influenced the later development of pop art. Fast Facts: Stuart Davis Occupation: PainterMovement: Abstract art, modernism, cubismBorn: December 7, 1892 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDied: June 24, 1964 in New York, New YorkParents: Helen Stuart Foulke and Edward Wyatt DavisSpouses: Bessie Chosak (died 1932), Roselle SpringerChild: George Earle DavisSelected Works: Lucky Strike (1921), Swing Landscape (1938), Deuce (1954)Notable Quote: I dont want people to copy Matisse or Picasso, although it is entirely proper to admit their influence. I dont make paintings like theirs. I make paintings like mine. Early Life and Education The son of sculptor Helen Stuart Foulke and newspaper art editor Edward Wyatt Davis, Stuart Davis grew up surrounded by visual art. He developed a serious interest in drawing by age sixteen and started illustrating adventure stories for his younger brother, Wyatt. Davis family moved from his childhood home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to New Jersey, where he got to know a group of his fathers artist colleagues known as the Eight. This group included Robert Henri, George Luks, and Everett Shinn. Bar House, Newark (1913). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Stuart Davis began his formal art training as a student of Robert Henri, who became the leader of the Ashcan School, an American art movement known for focusing on painting scenes of daily life in New York City. They took much of their inspiration from Walt Whitmans poetry in Leaves of Grass. The Armory Show In 1913, Davis was one of the youngest artists featured in the groundbreaking Armory Show, the first extensive exhibition of modern art in the U.S. First showing at New Yorks 69th Regiment Armory, the exhibition then traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago and Copley Society of Art in Boston. The Mellow Pad (1951). Brooklyn Museum / Wikimedia Commons While Stuart Davis exhibited realist paintings in the Ashcan style, he studied the works of European modernist artists included in the exhibition, from Henri Matisse to Pablo Picasso. After the Armory Show, Davis became a dedicated modernist. He took cues from the cubist movement in Europe to move toward a more abstract style of painting. Colorful Abstraction Stuart Davis mature style of painting began to develop in the 1920s. He became friends with other influential American artists including Charles Demuth and Arshile Gorky as well as poet William Carlos Williams. His work began with realistic elements but he then abstracted them with bright colors and geometrical edges. Davis also painted in series, making his work parallel to musical variations on a theme. Swing Landscape (1938). Robert Alexander / Getty Images In the 1930s, Davis painted murals for the Federal Art Project, a program of the Works Progress Administration. One of those, the monumental painting Swing Landscape shows the style of Stuart Davis in full flower. He began with a depiction of the waterfront of Gloucester, Massachusetts, and then added the energy of the jazz and swing music he loved. The result is a highly personal explosion of color and geometrical forms. By the 1950s, Davis work evolved to a focus on lines and a style influenced by drawing. The painting Deuce is an example of the shift. Gone was the cacophony of bright colors. In its place was a lively set of vibrant lines and shapes still echoing lessons learned from the European cubism of the early 20th century. Later Career After he established himself as a vital member of the New York avant-garde painting scene of the mid-20th century, Stuart Davis began teaching. He worked at the Art Students League, the New School for Social Search, and then Yale University. As an instructor, Davis directly influenced a new generation of American artists. Nightlife (1962). Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 2.0 Although his late-career work continued to incorporate abstract elements, Stuart Davis never moved completely away from referencing real life. He rejected the abstract expressionism that dominated the American art world of the 1950s. In the early 1960s, Davis health quickly declined until he suffered a stroke in 1964 and passed away. His death came just as art critics saw the influence of his work in a new movement, pop art. Legacy Deuce (1954). Andreas Solaro / Getty Images One of Stuart Davis most lasting contributions was his ability to take lessons learned from European movements in painting and create a distinctly American twist on the ideas. His bold, graphical paintings contain echoes of the work of Fauvists like Henri Matisse and the cubist experiments of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. However, the end product finds inspiration in American life and architecture, a factor that makes Davis work unique. Pop artists Andy Warhol and David Hockney celebrated Stuart Davis blending of content from commercial advertisements with the shapes of everyday objects that he first depicted in the 1920s. Today, many art historians consider Davis work to be proto-pop art. Source Haskell, Barbara. Stuart Davis: In Full Swing. Prestel, 2016.

Identity In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried - 1179 Words

People often display their inner self when it comes down to life-changing situations, which can often appear different than what is displayed externally. In the novel, The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien demonstrates the concept of underlying identity in the characters, Mary Anne Bell and Rat Kiley, and describes the Vietnam war environment portraying harmful effects to these characters. Through O’Brien’s exploration of the characters’ actions in the Vietnam war environment, he depicts that the physical environment of the Vietnam war leads to Mary Anne Bell’s and Rat Kiley’s insanity and reveals their underlying identity, which emphasizes that people ignore their true ego to fulfill societal positions. The brutal, Vietnam war†¦show more content†¦Vietnam’s ambiance provokes Mary Anne Bell’s transformation from arriving as a sweet, innocent girl to becoming a vicious, wild predator, which demonstrates her buried barbari c identity hidden by her doll-like appearance to satisfy Mark Fossie, her boyfriend. When she arrives at the army site, Rat Kiley would distinguish her of having â€Å"a complexion like strawberry ice cream† (89). The simile between â€Å"strawberry ice cream† and Mary refers to how innocent and sweet she appears, which is the typical stereotype of what the soldiers thought every girl was like in the US. Rat Kiley would also describe Mary as a â€Å"seventeen-year-old doll in her goddamn culottes, perky and fresh-faced, †¦[and] her pretty blue eyes seemed to glow† (92). The direct characterization of her culottes, perky face, and bright blue eyes also contributes to her innocence, sweetness, and joy that she carries. However, Mary would slowly show her true identity as she experiences the Vietnam setting. She would â€Å"in times of action, [take] †¦ on a sudden new composure, almost serene, [with her] fuzzy blue eyes narrowing into a tight, intellige nt focus† (93-94). The denotation of â€Å"serene† justifies the presence of a new girl who used to be innocent and sweet, but is now bold and unfazed by the horror of Vietnam. Furthermore, the characterization shift from â€Å"fuzzy blue eyes† to an â€Å"intelligentShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Things They Carried1624 Words   |  7 PagesFor the seventeen Soldiers portrayed in â€Å"The Things We Carried† by Tim O’Brien, the physical pain was very minimal weight to carry compared to the emotional scars that they will carry throughout their entire life. This story does an amazing job portraying full human emotion that anyone put into a situation would feel, such as heavy guilt, sadness, anger, lack of motivation, perseverance, horror, and false security. All of these are notorious feelings that every soldier back in history, and now stillRead MoreThe Things they Carried by Tim O ´Brien1948 Words   |  8 Pages(Mazlish 10). The experience of w ar leaves people with physical and psychological scars. Tim Obrien in â€Å"The Things they Carried† brings to light the tribulations faced by the soldiers in their quest to restore peace. He asserts, ‘war is hell (Brien 8).’This is an exhilarating story that brings to light the fact that, despite their participation in the war, soldiers are still human. Stanley Kubrick echoes Obrien’s sentiments in his award winning film the Full Metal Jacket. Both highlight the ugly truths

Quantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications Free Essays

ASSIGNMENTS Course Code:MS 08 Course Title:Quantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications Assignment No. :MS-08/TMA/SEM-I/2013 Coverage:All Blocks Note : Attempt all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Quantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now A sum of `8550 is to be paid in 15 installments where each installment is `10 more than the previous installment. Find the first installment and the last installment. Let x = the first payment. The sequence of 15 payments is (1) x, x+10, x+20, x+30, †¦ , x+140 The sum of these 15 payments is 2) 15x + 10*(14*15/2) or (3) 15x + 1050 Now set (3) equal to the total sum to be made and get (4) 15x + 1050 = 8550 or (5) 15x = 7500 or (6) x = 500 The last payment in (1) is x + 140 or (7) 15th = 640 Answer: The first payment is $500 and the last payment is $640. I’ll leave it to you to add up the sequence of (1) to â€Å"prove† that our answer is right. LOL 2. A salesman is known to sell a product in 3 out of 5 attempts. While another salesman in 2 out of 5 attempts. Find the probability that a. No sales will happen b. Either of them will succeed in selling the product Let A be the event that the first salesman will sell the product and B be the event that the second salesman will sell the product. Given (1) Probability that no sales will happen = P(A’) ? P(B’) (2) Probability that either of the salesman will succeed in selling the product = P(A’) ? P(B) + P(A) ? P(B’) 3. A hundred squash balls are tested by dropping from a height of 100 inches and measuring the height of the bounce. A ball is â€Å"fast† if it rises above 32 inches. The average height of bounce was 30 inches and the standard deviation was ? inches. What is the chance of getting a â€Å"fast† standard ball? T otal no. of observations N = 100 Mean,? 30inches Standard deviation, ? =3/4 inches=0. 75 inches Suppose ‘x’ is the normal variable=32 inches 4. Explain the chi-square testing- (i) as a test for independence of attributes, and (ii) as a test for goodness of fit. About the Chi-Square Test Generally speaking, the chi-square t est is a statistical test used to examine differences with categorical variables. There are a number of features of the social world we characterize through categorical variables – religion, political preference, etc. To examine hypotheses using such variables, use the chi-square test. The chi-square test is used in two similar but distinct circumstances: a. or estimating how closely an observed distribution matches an expected distribution – we’ll refer to this as the goodness-of-fit test b. for estimating whether two random variables are independent. The Goodness-of-Fit Test One of the more interesting goodness-of-fit applications of the chi-square test is to examine issues of fairness and cheating in games of chance, such as cards, dice, and roulette. Since such games usually involve wagering, there is significant incentive for people to try to rig the games and allegations of missing cards, â€Å"loaded† dice, and â€Å"sticky† roulette wheels are all too common. So how can the goodness-of-fit test be used to examine cheating in gambling? It is easier to describe the process through an example. Take the example of dice. Most dice used in wagering have six sides, with each side having a value of one, two, three, four, five, or six. If the die being used is fair, then the chance of any particular number coming up is the same: 1 in 6. However, if the die is loaded, then certain numbers will have a greater likelihood of appearing, while others will have a lower likelihood. One night at the Tunisian Nights Casino, renowned gambler Jeremy Turner (a. k. a. The Missouri Master) is having a fantastic night at the craps table. In two hours of playing, he’s racked up $30,000 in winnings and is showing no sign of stopping. Crowds are gathering around him to watch his streak – and The Missouri Master is telling anyone within earshot that his good luck is due to the fact that he’s using the casino’s lucky pair of â€Å"bruiser dice,† so named because one is black and the other blue. Unbeknownst to Turner, however, a casino statistician has been quietly watching his rolls and marking down the values of each roll, noting the values of the black and blue dice separately. After 60 rolls, the statistician has become convinced that the blue die is loaded. Value on Blue DieObserved FrequencyExpected Frequency 11610 2510 3910 4710 5610 61710 Total6060 At first glance, this table would appear to be strong evidence that the blue die was, indeed, loaded. There are more 1’s and 6’s than expected, and fewer than the other numbers. However, it’s possible that such differences occurred by chance. The chi-square statistic can be used to estimate the likelihood that the values observed on the blue die occurred by chance. The key idea of the chi-square test is a comparison of observed and expected values. How many of something were expected and how many were observed in some process? In this case, we would expect 10 of each number to have appeared and we observed those values in the left column. With these sets of figures, we calculate the chi-square statistic as follows: Using this formula with the values in the table above gives us a value of 13. 6. Lastly, to determine the significance level we need to know the â€Å"degrees of freedom. † In the case of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of terms used in calculating chi-square minus one. There were six terms in the chi-square for this problem – therefore, the number of degrees of freedom is five. We then compare the value calculated in the formula above to a standard set of tables. The value returned from the table is 1. 8%. We interpret this as meaning that if the die was fair (or not loaded), then the chance of getting a ? 2 statistic as large or larger than the one calculated above is only 1. 8%. In other words, there’s only a very slim chance that these rolls came from a fair die. The Missouri Master is in serious trouble. Testing Independence The other primary use of the chi-square test is to examine whether two variables are independent or not. What does it mean to be independent, in this sense? It means that the two factors are not related. Typically in social science research, we’re interested in finding factors that are related – education and income, occupation and prestige, age and voting behavior. In this case, the chi-square can be used to assess whether two variables are independent or not. More generally, we say that variable Y is â€Å"not correlated with† or â€Å"independent of† the variable X if more of one is not associated with more of another. If two categorical variables are correlated their values tend to move together, either in the same direction or in the opposite. Example Return to the example discussed at the introduction to chi-square, in which we want to know whether boys or girls get into trouble more often in school. Below is the table documenting the percentage of boys and girls who got into trouble in school: Got in TroubleNo TroubleTotal Boys4671117 Girls3783120 Total83154237 To examine statistically whether boys got in trouble in school more often, we need to frame the question in terms of hypotheses. How to cite Quantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications, Papers

The Pros of Same-Sex Education Essay Sample free essay sample

Socially. same-sex schools are emotionally easier on pupils. Stereotypes based on gender are non a immense issue in these scenes. Girls are more vocal and competitory when male childs are non around to badger them. They besides feel more comfy take parting in athleticss and traditionally male dominated Fieldss when male childs are non watching. Conversely. boys become less competitory and join forces more because they don’t have to worry about girls’ sentiments of them. They can besides experience free to take part in the humanistic disciplines with a category full of other male childs. Advocates of same-sex schooling state this freedom builds assurance in immature pupils and allows them to concentrate on their surveies more because it removes the distractions of co-ed societal force per unit areas. Although really small research exists. some surveies have suggested that the benefits are more apparent in misss. lower income households and minorities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros of Same-Sex Education Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Author Rosemary Salomone. argues that there is a topographic point for same-sex schools. In her book. Same. Different. Equal: Rethinking Single-Sex Education ( Yale University Press 2005 ) . she examines the benefits of single-sex instruction in the public kingdom. The Cons of Same-Sex Education Oppositions of same-sex schooling such as the ACLU and National Organization for Women have historically maintained that same-sex schooling would decrease the affects of Title IX [ â€Å"The Case for Single-Sex Schools† . The Christian Science proctor. Teicher. 2003 ] . Title IX. a 1972 Higher Education Act. calls for federally funded educational establishments to handle males and females every bit in schools and in athleticss. Some oppositions besides suspect that same-sex schooling will either push pupils into researching homosexual relationships. or on the contrary point of view. it could increase gender stereotypes and homophobia. As instructors. educational decision makers. and parents explore the educational benefits of same-sex schooling. arguments will go on to turn. If you are a parent observe how. when and where your kid learns best. Since each kid learns otherwise. your determination should be made on your child’s single demands. The best educational scene fo r your kid may really good be a same-sex school or category. Twenty old ages ago. theoretical accounts weighed 8 % less than the mean adult female. Today. they weigh 23 % less than the mean adult female. The mean American adult female is 5’4† tall and weighs 140 lbs. The mean American theoretical account is 5’11† tall and weighs 117 lbs. If Barbie was a existent adult female. she’d have to walk on all 4s due to her proportions. Approximately 7 % of 12th class males have used steroids in order to go more muscular. If GI Joe were human. he’d have larger biceps than any muscle builder in history. One out of every four college aged adult females has an eating upset. It is estimated that 40-50 % of American adult females are seeking to lose weight at any point in clip. Americans spend more than 40 billion dollars a twelvemonth on dieting and diet-related merchandises – that’s approximately tantamount to the sum the U. S. Federal Government spends on instruction each twelvemonth! Almost half of all adult females tobacco users smoke because they see it as the best manner to command their weight. Of these adult females. 25 % will decease of a disease caused by smoke. In 2007. there were about 11. 7 million decorative processs performed in the U. S. Ninety one per centum of these were performed on adult females. A survey found that 53 % of thirteen-year-old American misss are unhappy with their organic structures. This figure grows to 78 % by the clip misss reach 17. Despite the demand of international jurisprudence that prison should be a last resort for kids. kids every bit immature as 12 can now be jailed. if they commit an offense which would be punishable by prison if committed by an grownup. Following the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998. the Home Secretary has the power to take down the age of detainment to 10 old ages old. What offenses are they sentenced for? About half the kids in prison have been convicted of non-violent offenses. More kids are in prison for robbery than any other offense ( 3 ) . Sentencing for kids is going harsher – in 1992 merely 100 kids under 15 were sentenced to detention. all had committed what were defined as ‘grave crimes’ . In 2003/4 794 under 15s were imprisoned. yet merely 45 of these had committed the same definition of ‘grave crimes’ . ( 4 ) How much does it be? It costs ?50. 800 per twelvemonth to direct person to a Young Offenders Institution. ?164. 750 to direct a kid to a Secure Training Centre and ?185. 780 to put a kid in a Local Authority Secure Children’s Home ( 5 ) . Are they safe at that place? 29 kids have died in province detention since 1990. most ego inflicted but one following restraint ( 7 ) . Adam Rickwood became the youngest kid to decease in penal detention at the age of 14 in August 2004. There has neer been a public enquiry into any of these deceases. Does it work? Reconviction rates are highly high for kids. Over eight out of 10 male childs under 18 who were released from prison were reconvicted within two old ages. ( 8 ) What sort of kids are in prison? Of those in detention of school age. over one in four has literacy and numeracy degrees of an mean seven twelvemonth old. Over half of under 18s have been in attention and about half have been for good been excluded from school ( 9 ) Of captives aged 16-29. around 85 % show marks of a personality upset and 10 % exhibit marks of psychotic unwellness e. g. schizophrenic disorder ( 10 ) . Over half of 16-20 twelvemonth olds who are locked up say they were dependent on drugs or intoxicant in the twelvemonth prior to imprisonment ( 11 ) One in three misss have been subjected to sexual maltreatment. and one in four haveexperient force at place. ( 12 ) Merely over one in three immature people who are locked up say they have felt insecure at some clip in their detention. ( 13 ) Young people ( 18-20 twelvemonth olds ) in prison There are 8. 658 immature people in prison ( 14 ) In the last 10 old ages the figure of sentenced immature grownups come ining prison has increased by 40 % and the figure of sentenced immature adult females imprisoned has about trebled. ( 15 ) How long are they there for? Two tierces are sentenced to less than 12 months in detention. The mean clip spent in detention for immature grownup captives is merely over 8 hebdomads. ( 16 ) How far are they from place? One in three are held more than 50 stat mis off from place. one in four are held between 50 and 100 stat mis off and one in 10 are held over 100 stat mis off. ( 17 ) What kinds of immature grownups are in prison? 75 % of those held in immature offenders’ establishments have non attended school beyond the age of 13. Just under 1/3 have basic accomplishments shortages ( compared to ? aged 25 and over ) . About ? were excluded from school at some phase. and 2/3 were unemployed at the clip of their apprehension. ( 18 ) Mental wellness jobs and drug and intoxicant maltreatment are common amongst immature people in prison. They are more likely than grownups to endure from mental wellness jobs and more likely to try or perpetrate suicide than both older and younger captives. ( 19 ) What happens to immature people after they leave prison? The Chief Inspector of Prisons estimated that one in five immature captives had no thought where they would populate on release. ( 20 ) Does it work? Re-conviction rates are peculiarly high for immature people. About 8 out of 10 immature work forces released from prison in 2002 were reconvicted within 2 old ages of release. ( 21 ) Who else is affected? It is estimated that one in four immature male wrongdoers are male parents and four in 10 immature females are female parents ( 22 ) What’s the best manner to cut down piquing? Alternatively of constructing more prisons for immature people. the authorities should put in undertaking the causes of their offending by supplying:†¢ More constructive activities for immature people†¢ More support to better parenting†¢ More mental wellness. drug and intoxicant intervention in the community†¢ Improved community penalties where immature wrongdoers do mandatory work to pay back for the harm they have caused

Womens Roles in America in the Early 1800s

Women's Roles in America in the Early 1800s In the early 19th century in America, women had different experiences of life depending on what groups they were part of. A dominant ideology at the beginning of the 1800s was called Republican Motherhood: middle and upper-class white women were expected to be the educators of the young to be good citizens of the new country.   The other dominant ideology about gender roles that was common in the first half of the 1800s in white upper and middle-class circles was that of separate spheres: women were to rule the domestic sphere (home and raising children) and men the public sphere (business, trade, government). This ideology would have, if followed consistently, meant that women were not part of the public sphere at all. But there were a variety of ways that women did take part in public life. Biblical injunctions against women speaking in public discouraged many from that role, but some women became public speakers anyway. The end of the first half of the 19th century was marked by several woman’s rights conventions: in  1848, then again in 1850.  The Declaration of Sentiments of 1848 describes clearly the limits placed on women in public life before that time. African American Women and Native American Women Women of African descent who were enslaved had no real public life. They were considered property and could be sold and raped with impunity by those who, under the law, owned them.  Few participated in public life, though some came to public view. Many were not even recorded with a name in the records of the enslavers. A few participated in the public sphere as preachers, teachers, and writers. Sally Hemings, enslaved by Thomas Jefferson and was almost certainly his wife’s half-sister, was the mother of children most scholars accept Jefferson fathered. Hemings came to public view as part of an attempt by a political enemy of Jefferson to create a public scandal. Jefferson and Hemings themselves never publicly acknowledged the relationship, and Hemings didn’t participate in public life other than having her identity used. Sojourner Truth, who was emancipated from slavery by New York’s law in 1827, was an itinerant preacher. At the very end of the first half of the 19th century, she became known as a circuit speaker and even spoke on women’s suffrage just after the first half of the century.  Harriet Tubman’s first trip freeing herself and others was in 1849. Some African American women became teachers. Schools were often segregated by sex as well as race. As one example, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a teacher in the 1840s, and also published a book of poetry in 1845.  In other free black communities in northern states, other African American women were able to be teachers, writers, and active in their churches.  Maria Stewart, part of Boston’s free black community, became active as a lecturer in the 1830s, though she only gave two public lectures before she retired from that public role.  Sarah Mapps Douglass in Philadelphia not only taught but founded a Female Literary Society for other African American women, aimed at self-improvement. Native American women in some nations had major roles in making decisions of the community.  But because this didn’t fit the dominant white ideology that was guiding those who were writing history, most of these women are unnamed in history.  Sacagawea is known because she was a guide for a major exploratory project, her language skills needed for the success of the expedition. White Women Writers One area of public life assumed by a few women was the role of a writer. Sometimes (as with the Bronte sisters in England), they would write under male pseudonyms and sometimes under ambiguous pseudonyms.  Margaret Fuller not only wrote under her own name, but she also published a book on Women of the Nineteenth Century before her untimely death in 1850.  She had also hosted famous conversations among women to further their â€Å"self-culture.† Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ran a bookstore that was a favorite gathering place for the Transcendentalist circle.   Women’s Education In order to fulfill the aims of Republican Motherhood, some women gained access to more education so- at first- they could be better teachers of their sons, as future public citizens, and of their daughters, as future educators of another generation. So one public role for women was as teachers, including founding schools.  Catherine Beecher and Mary Lyon are among notable women educators. The first African American woman to graduate from college did so in 1850. Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation in 1849 as the first woman physician in the United States shows the change that would end the first half and begin the second half of the century, with new opportunities gradually opening for women. Women Social Reformers Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, Lydia Maria Child, Mary Livermore, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others became publicly active in the abolitionist movement. Their experience there, of being put in second place and sometimes denied the right to speak publicly or limited to speaking to women, helped lead some of these same women to work later for women’s emancipation from the â€Å"separate spheres† ideological role. Women at Work Betsy Ross may not have made the first United States flag, as legend credits her, but she was a professional flagmaker at the end of the 18th century. She continued her work through several marriages as a seamstress and businesswoman. Many other women worked in various jobs, sometimes alongside husbands or fathers, and sometimes, especially if widowed, on their own. The sewing machine was introduced into factories in the 1830s. Before that, most sewing was done by hand at home or in small businesses. With the introduction of machines for weaving and sewing fabric, young women, especially in farm families,  began to spend a few years before marriage working in the new industrial mills, including the Lowell Mill in Massachusetts. The Lowell Mill also channeled some young women into literary pursuits and saw what was probably the first women’s labor union in the United States. Setting New Standards Sarah Josepha Hale  had to go to work to support herself and her children when she was widowed. In 1828, she became the editor of a magazine that later evolved into Godeys Ladys Magazine, and was billed as  the first magazine edited by a woman for women ... either in the Old World or the New.  Ironically, perhaps, it was Godeys Ladys Magazine that promoted the ideal of women in the domestic sphere and helped establish a middle and upper-class standard for how women should carry out their home life. Conclusion Despite a general ideology that the public sphere should be exclusively male, some notable women did participate in public affairs.  While women were prohibited from some public jobs- such as being a lawyer- and were rarely accepted in many others, the women of the early 1800s had public roles. Some women worked (enslaved, as factory workers, at home and small businesses), some women wrote, and some were activists.

Laws for Americans Taking Guns Into Canada

Laws for Americans Taking Guns Into Canada Americans taking guns into Canada or transporting guns through Canada  need to know that the Canadian government has- and strictly enforces- zero-tolerance  gun control laws that must be followed by U.S. citizens taking firearms into Canada. Most problems arise from Americans simply forgetting they have a handgun with them when crossing the border. This happens most often to Americans from states which allow their citizens to carry concealed weapons. Failure to declare any firearm will result in the confiscation and probably the destruction of the weapon. A fine will be assessed and jail is a possibility. In general, Americans are allowed to bring up to three allowed guns into Canada as long as the proper forms are filled out and fees paid. Guns must be declared at the border crossing. Even when guns are declared and the proper forms are completed, Canadian border service officers require travelers to prove they have a valid reason for bringing a firearm into the nation. In addition, the border officers will check to ensure that all firearms are safely stored for transportation and that the guns actually being transported match those described in the declaration documents. Minimum Age Only people age 18 years or older are allowed to bring firearms into Canada. While persons younger than 18 may use a firearm in Canada under certain circumstances, an adult must be present and will be held legally responsible for the firearm and its use. The Canadian Non-Resident Firearms Declaration U.S. citizens bringing firearms into Canada, or taking firearms through Canada to Alaska are required to fill out a Non-Resident Firearms Declaration (Form CAFC 909 EF). The form must be presented in triplicate, unsigned, to a Canadian customs officer at the travelers first point of entry into Canada. Remember, the customs officer must witness the signature, so do not sign the form beforehand. Persons bringing more than three firearms into Canada will also need to complete a Non-Resident Firearm Declaration Continuation Sheet (form RCMP 5590). Once it has been approved by the Canadian customs officer, the Non-Resident Firearms Declaration is valid for 60 days. The confirmed form acts as a license for the owner and as a temporary registration certificate for the firearms brought to Canada. The declaration can be renewed for free, providing it is renewed before it expires, by contacting the Chief Firearms Officer (CFO) (call 1-800-731-4000) of the relevant Canadian province or territory. A confirmed Non-Resident Firearms Declaration costs a flat fee of $25, regardless of the number of firearms listed on it. It is valid only for the person who signs it and only for those firearms listed on the declaration. Once the Non-Resident Firearms Declaration has been approved by the CBSA customs officer, the declaration acts as a license for the owner and it is valid for 60 days. For visits longer than 60 days, declarations can be renewed for free, providing they are renewed before they expire, by contacting the Chief Firearms Officer of the relevant province or territory. Persons bringing firearms into Canada must also comply with Canadian Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms regulations. The Canadian customs officer at the point of entry can inform firearms owners of these regulations. Firearms Allowed, Restricted, and Prohibited Approval of the Non-Resident Firearms Declaration allows only standard rifles and shotguns commonly used for hunting and target shooting to be transported into or through Canada. Handguns with at least 4-inch barrels are considered restricted firearms and are allowed in Canada, but require the completion an approval of an Application for an Authorization to Transport Restricted Firearms. This Non-Resident Firearm Declaration costs $50 Canadian. Handguns with barrels shorter than 4-inches, fully automatic, converted automatics, and assault-type weapons are prohibited and not allowed in Canada. In addition, certain knives, even those used for hunting and fishing, may be considered prohibited weapons by Canadian officials. Other Things You Need to Know In all cases, travelers must declare to Canadian Customs authorities any firearms and weapons in their possession when entering Canada. There are often facilities near border crossings where weapons may be stored, pending the travelers return to the United States, but this should be done before attempting to enter Canada. Canadian law requires that officials seize firearms and weapons from persons crossing the border who deny having them in their possession. Seized firearms and weapons are never returned. By far the easiest way to transport firearms is to have them crated and shipped to your destination via a commercial carrier.